Lan Yu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

local area network Yu - Essay ExampleIn this movie, Chen Handong who is a successful burgher takes Lan Yu home with him just to have fun. He is clear that all he wants to do is have fun and they will eventually break up. In our society today such is the trend for the opposite grammatical gender couples. They are in it for the fun and not the relationship. Lan Yu falls in love with Handong notwithstanding he finds out that the man is cheating which is the case for opposite gender couples. All form of couples can cheat and this is no different for the gay couples (Kwan, Lan Yu).Make-ups and break-ups are prevalent in opposite gender couples. People break-up and later in life, their paths cross and they decide to try it again. This is no different for the gay couples as seen in this movie. Handong is worried that Lan Yu has been caught up in the violence in Tiananmen Square and looks for him. This was after their first break-up and he takes him back. When any mavin wants to settle the y may have doubts about their current partner and this may spill over to refusing to settle down or changing the partner. This is an experience that is faced by both the opposite gender couples and gay couples. Handong has an affair with Jingping because he is not sure if he wants to settle down with Lan Yu (Kwan, Lan Yu).The movie Lan Yu has depicted homosexuality as a socially accepted norm where Lan Yu and Handongs sister hold a welcome-home party for Handong. Hangdongs family shows great support for the couples relationship. The real situation in china is different. Families due to the following reasons do not support LTGB groups in this country. According to tradition, a man must marry the opposite gender in order to have children, which is considered a very important aspect of life. The wife is also supposed to care for the husband and thereof many families do not allow this kind of marriages or relationships to exist. Socially this is not acceptable and most families do no t support the idea of one marrying

The power of the American president is to persuade. Discuss in Essay

The power of the American president is to persuade. Discuss in relation to recent presidents - Essay ExampleThis is mainly because if the public is convinced that the president is right, it will give him its full support and the members of Congress will have to espouse suit because to do otherwise would mean that quite a number of them might lose their seats during elections. The American president has to be eloquent in his speeches so that he can be able not only to persuade his audience but also to pass his point through to those individuals who are against him that his is the right course and they have to support him. Over the past fifteen years, this has been the case among the men who have had the privilege of being the leaders of the most mighty nation in the world. These presidents, namely Clinton, Bush, and currently Obama, have all had to work hard to persuade the American public as well as the American allies that their intentions and actions have been in the latters in terest.One of the most fascinating episodes where an American president was forced to be persuasive in allege to save his presidency was that of President Clinton during his threatened impeachment over the Lewinsky Scandal. Bill Clinton can be considered to have been one of the most popular presidents in modern American history and it is not just because of his charisma, but also because he was also able to connect with many of the baby boomer generation, to which he belonged. This was a design where the American presidency was mired in a scandal which almost brought down the president and it is mainly because of the ability of Clinton to persuade his audience that his actions did not in any way jeopardize his presidency that he managed to remain in office for the remainder of his term (Storey 2010, p.305). When the Lewinski scandal first came to the attention of the media, it generated a good deal of shock in the public and the most conservative members of the Republican Party s aw it as an opportunity to remove a president from a antagonist party. However,

Hope by Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Hope by Emily Dickinson EssayCan you imagine life with out desire?I think Emily Dickinson may have dropd go for a lot in her life and thats why she wrote this wonderful verse form, to inspire those without apprehend to give them a horizon from a beautiful bird that intrust can change your life in any way you dream it.I choose to analyze the notable poem believe by Emily Dickinson, Such an interesting and mysterious poet she lived her entire life in Amherst, Massachusetts, only two of her poems where published in her life time, she died in 1886, she was never married and live most of her life as a recluse. In this poem Dickinson uses imagery and metaphors to chance upon, hold is the thing with squares.Stanza OneIn the poem hope is the thing with feathers by Emily Dickinson, I love how Dickson compared the idea of hope as a bird or feather I think the feather symbolizes freedom as in with hope you can fly away and be free, it examines the ideas of hope as a free spiri t. She uses an imaginary metaphor to describe why hope is the thing with feathers.In the first line she uses a bird to create a clear image of a free spirit, a bird flying freely reaching what ever it wants, by using hope as a bird this metaphor is saying if you have hope you can fly to where ever it is you dream of. By giving hope feathers it gives the reader an idea or illusion of hope flying freely. By hope having feathers it is like a free home, flying to a new place.In the second line that says That perches in the soul I believe she means the hope comes from the spirit, from very deep batch in your heart. She is using another metaphor comparing a bird sitting on its perch, as our spirit is or where hope sits.In the third line where Dickinson speaks of singing a tune without words, that never bread at any, I see the melodic phrase as being hope, that the bird is continuously singing its praise of hope evening without knowing the words or the meaning of the song, giving us all hope that even if we dont know the song or the words we too can sing a song of hope.Ending the first stanza with and never stops at all showing that this song is never ending and available to all, it never stops.Stanza TwoAnd sweetest in the gale is heard tells of the birds song as the sweetest of all songs, And excited must be the storm showing that when we sine qua non hope the most, through the worst of lifes storms, we can still hear that sweet song of hope.In line seven Dickinson shows that without hope we could be crushed by the storm, again showing a metaphor. I believe it means that without hope you would be without wings, no way to soar above your conflicts or hope of escaping, without hope its like you have a broken wing and cannot fly anywhere.The antagonist of the poem is the one who could abash the little bird, taking away all hope, representing problems of the world the negativity, stress, financial, relationship difficultys of everyday life, being the hammer bea ring down on us, causing pain and discomfort.In line eight that says That kept so many warm means that hope has brought people through a lot of things, through the cold and hurtful times. Hope is like a blanket in the winter you need it to stay warm without it you will arrest to death.Stanza ThreeBy Dickinson saying Ive heard it in the chilliest lands I see this as yet another reason to have hope and that hope is obtainable in even the chilliest of lands, continuing with And on the strangest sea that hope can reach any distance.As Dickinson ends her poem with Yet, never, in extremity, it asked a fundament of me. Dickinson shows us hope is free it doesnt coast a thing, that it comes from within, not at a store or a mall, hope is what you come upon it, it window glass not run away from you, its there when ever you need or want it, you dont need money to use it, all you need is the right mind set then you can just take it out of your pocket and use it whenever you need it, its that simple.As you can see hope is the only thing you need, fear is the opposite. Hope doesnt cost anything, all you need is a little faith and all your dreams will come true, hope is a free gift so why not use it every second of every day. Hope is used in even the saddest places to make them happier. The poorest person with hope is happier than the richest without hope. Some of the richest people used hope to get where they are now with just a little bit of faith and hope, that is all you will ever need in life, because it provides you with everything you will ever need.Hope exists for everyone there is not one-person that cant use hope. I use hope everyday and Im extremely happy. If you have hope you can fly to your dreams in life, for example when we were all little someone asked us what we wanted to be when we grow up and no matter what that kid said he or she didnt have a doubt in their mind that they were not going to be what they dreamed but as we get older we start to loose hope and focus more on reality. But the Dickinson shows us how to escape reality and dream a little. I think every one should use hope and read hope is the thing with feathers because it may cause you to see hope every day of your life and change your life forever.

Pablo Casals Essay Example for Free

Pablo Casals EssayPablo Casals, one of the most recognizable cellists in history, was born December 29, 1876. His career was unsurpassed by any opposite cellist during the first half of the twentieth degree centigrade. He is kn take in for the multiple recordings throughout his career which included only, chamber, and orchestral music, as hale as recordings while conducting. For most cellists his most notable accomplishment was his recordings of the incomparable Bach Cello Suites which were recorded from 1936 to 1939. His early long time in his native Catalonia, Spain were pass being educated in music by his father who was a parish organist and choirmaster. As would be clearly seen in his later years, his understanding of music was amazing. directly his master classes on the cello are procurable for cellists to observe on YouTube. His ability to demonstrate proper tempo and rhythm as well as the use of dynamics is still a benefit even in the age of famous cellist, YoYo Ma H is fathers techniques included he and his crony listening to, and name notes on the piano by ear. Although his fathers methods may have seemed extreme, they served only to further young Pablos musical ability.By the age of four he was playing the flute, piano and violin and by age six was proficient enough to perform a public solo on the violin. It is amazing to know that his first exposure to any cello like instrument was that of a street performer that had been fashioned from a span handle His first personal experience with the cello was much like my own. At fourteen I asked for a cello and was allowed by my father to bear a very broken down cello. Casals was given an instrument made from a gourd by his father as his first cello. When he was eleven he heard some travelling performers and saw a real cello for the first time.After that, the cello was his instrument of choice. Although I play other instruments, as Casals did, it was hard to deny that I wanted to be known as a ce llist The Cello Suites composed by J. S. Bach were sight by Casals in 1890 in a second hand music store. He was thirteen at the time and spent the next thirteen years practicing and perfecting them and then finally performing them in public. He graduated with honors from Escola Municipal de Musica in Barcelona, having made impressive progress, at age nineteen. His professional career began when he moved to Paris in 1895 and played second cello in a theater orchestra.In 1895 he returned home to Catalonia and was appointed to the faculty of his own Escola Municipal de Musica. He was also made principal cellist in the orchestra of Barcelonas opera house, the Liceu and in 1897 he performed as soloist with the Madrid Symphony Orchestra, and was awarded the Order of Carlos three from the Queen of Spain. His later career found him conducting master classes, as mentioned earlier, throughout the world. Some of the master classes were actually televised in the 1960s and are still available for budding cellists. It was at this point in his career that he created unique versions of the six Brandenburg Concerti.To add this to his already amazing recordings of the Bach Suites truly showed the depth of his musical abilities In addition to performing remarkable renditions of famous pieces he was a wonderful composer in his own right. One of his most notable works was La Sardena, composed for a cello ensemble. The completion of his composing career was a piece titled Hymne of the United Nations which he performed in 1971, at a particular event, for the United Nations shortly before his 95th birthday. Looking back with appreciation to a man who died many years before I was born, I am humbled by his talent and personality.He had the opportunity to perform before queens, presidents and dignitaries. His performances took him around the globe and his influence is felt to this day. His unique recordings and master classes continue to set off and delight cellists and cello music lovers alike. In 1963 the world lost PabIo Casals at the age of 96 while residing in Puero Rico where he was buried. I am happy to say that I have been fortunate enough to observe a number of his master classes and hear recordings done almost a century ago that have stood the test of time.

Micro Economic Environment Essay Example for Free

Micro Economic Environment EssayThe scotch surround consists of external factors in a handicraft market and the broader economy that rout out influence a disdain. You can divide the economic environment into the microeconomic environment, which affects business decision-making such as individual actions of firms and consumers, and the macroeconomic environment, which affects an entire economy and all of its participants. Many economic factors act as external constraints on your business, which means that you energise little, if any, control over them. Lets take a look at both of these broad factors in more detail Macroeconomic influences are broad economic factors that either directly or indirectly affect the entire economy and all of its participants, including your business. These factors include such things as Interest ratesTaxesInflationcurrentness exchange ratesConsumer discretionary incomeSavings ratesConsumer confidence levelsUnemployment rateRecessionDepressionMicro economic factors influence how your business pass on make decisions. inappropriate macroeconomic factors, these factors are far less broad in scope and do not necessarily affect the entire economy as a whole. Microeconomic factors influencing a business include Market sizeDemandSupplyCompetitorsSuppliersDistribution chain such as retailer storesWhy Is It substantial?The economic environment of business will play a pivotal role in determining the conquest or failure of a business. Lets initial consider somemacroeconomic factors. If interest rates are too high, the cost of borrowing may not permit a business to expand. On the other hand, if unemployment rate is high, businesses can obtain labor at cheaper costs. However, if unemployment is too high, this may result in a recession and less discretionary consumer outgo resulting in insufficient sales to keep the business going. Tax rates will take a chunk of your income and currency exchange rates can either help or hurt the expo rting of your products to specific foreign markets. Now, lets turn our attention to microeconomic factors for a bit. Market size may see the viability of entering into a new market. If a market is too small, there may not be sufficient demand and profit potential.This leads us to the theory of demand and supply. If your product is in high demand but there is a low supply of it, you are going to make a roll out profit, but if your product is in low demand and the market is flooded with similar products, you may be facing bankruptcy. The quality and quantity of your competition will affect how well you do in winning customers in the marketplace. Suppliers are the arteries pumping vital supplies and resources to you for production. If you have problems with suppliers, it can clog up those arteries and cause serious problems. Likewise, the caseful of relationship you have with your distributors, such as retail stores, may influence how quickly your products leave their shelves.Summa ryThe environment in which a business operates is very complex and has a great deal of influence on how a business performs and whether it will succeed. Macroeconomic factors influence not only a business but also all participants in an economy and include such things as interest rates, inflation, unemployment rates, taxes, discretionary spending, periods of growth and recession. Microeconomic factors also influence the success or failure of a business and include such things as market size, demand, supply, competitors, suppliers, and distributors.

Energy Losses in Pipes

Energy needinesses in PipesABSTRACTThe objective of this testing ground is to associate the loss of nil in a hydraulic system with the geometry of the pipe, that posts the fluid, while it is being transported from one location to another. Special attachments were given to major and minor efficacy losses. Friction was interpreted and treated as a major loss with respect to energy, while other factors such as expansions, contractions, pipe change shapes, pipe fittings and obstructions were considered as minor energy losses. The design of any hydraulic systems is governed by the understanding of these relations, and this experiment is carried out with the intention proving that there is a loss of energy specific in ally related to these factors. 4 The DMXL brute Unit in accordance with the DLM-6 cartridge clip were go ford to perform the experiment, utilize water as the medium of choice. The cartridges compress sensation transducers recorded the pressure contrasts at ternary locations of interest. The locations included a straight pipe particle, a smooth 90 curved shape, and a crisp 90 right angle turn. For proper comparison, these pull up stakess were all at the same length, of 70 mm. A total of 20 data points were tabulated, and employ to answer for the loss of energy coefficients and head loss, for of all three sections. The results showed that there was a greater loss of energy with the sharp 90 right angle, followed by the smooth 90 bend and finally, the straight section had the least amount of energy loss. According to the principles of fluid chemical mechanism, the assumption is that the highest loss of energy would correspond to the sharp 90 right angle bend. The results reinforced that assumption.INTRODUCTIONIn al close to all hydraulic systems, it set up be observed that there be energy losses with respect to friction and geometrical changes. The friction loss in pipes is collectible to the influence of the fluids viscosity n ear the surface of the surrounding pipe. The energy losses due to pressure changes sight be seen in every part of a hydraulic system due to the expansions, contractions, bends in pipes, pipe fittings, and obstructions in the pipes. 2 This loss of energy is then transferred as heat.Frictional losses in pipe are related toVelocity of flow unsmoothness of pipe surfaceLength of pipeCross-sectional orbital cavity of pipeViscosity of fluid publication of pipe bendsThe complete acceptable pressure drop of the hydraulic system must be picked with care, as the power loss is a result of the pressure drop and system flow localize. There is an efficiency loss that must be adjusted for the cost of bigger fittings and hoses and pipework. The energy of no use is disseminated as heat energy in oil, which may prompt to cooling issues and condensing of the oil life. 1Pressure losses in pipework will swear on the fluid flow condition. There are three particular fluidflow conditionsLaminar spring Turbulent turn tail spiritual rebirth springAs it can be seen in come in 1, Laminar stream is the condition when the liquid particles travel easily in straight lines, the internal most liquid layer goes at the most elevated speed and the external most layer at the pipe surface doesnt move. 2Figure 1. Laminar liquify 2Turbulent flow has unusual and disorderly liquid molecule movements, to such an extent that a comprehensive commingleing of the fluid happens, as appeared in Figure 2. A turbulent flow is generally not attractive, as the flow resistance increments and in this way the hydraulic losses increment. 3Figure 2. Turbulent light 3As shown in Figure 3, with turbulence in the focal point of the pipe, and laminar flow close to the edges, the transactional flow can be seen that it is a blend of the turbulent and laminar flow. 2Figure 3. Transitional Flow 2Inside a pipe system, there are two sorts of losses. The first is a Major wrong and comprises of the head losses because of viscous impacts in straight fragments of pipe in the system. 5Which is referred to as h_(L major) and the equation follows as(1)The second sort is a Minor Loss and is a form of losses produced inside segments of the pipe system other than the straight pipes themselves. 5Which is referred to as h_ (L minor) and the equation follows as(2)The equation for head loss at a sudden expansion can be written as (3)And expression for the head loss at a sudden contraction is as (4)The head loss due to a bend can be shown by the expression as (5)METHODOLOGYEquipment and Materials ListFor the experiment, we used the Energy losings in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit . The DLMX is a teaching equipment that can be presented as one of the absolute best intentional educating device that is utilized to teach students from various dissimilar subjects like Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer. The equipment includes a small battery operated, base unit, into which has one of the 7 differ ent cartridges is plugged. 3The base unit containsViewing panelWater reservoirPumpControlsExperimental ApparatusAccording to the General Operating Instructions from the provided lab manual, the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) was installed as shown below in Figure 4, with a filled Base Unit and powered on. The flow rate was adjusted using the knob on the Base Unit. The flow rate and corresponding differential gear pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections appeared on the output screen.Figure 4. DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) 3The cartridges produce the particular instrumentation required for the specific demonstration and contain an data-based representation of the topic. The base unit involves a round, clear acrylic water reservoir, mounted on a powerful vacuum shaped ABS flexible plinth, shown below in Figure (). Under the plinth is a pump with a variable speed control, battery, flow meter, the ele ctrical control hardware, and level sensing element 6.Figure (5) Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit 3Experimental ProcedureTo commensurate our lab, we referred to Filling Pressure Transducer Tubes section as we powered on the machine. We then installed the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) into the Base Unit filled with water and ensured that all pressure readings are at zero flow rate. We can read the flow rate and pressure drop at that moment is given if we scrolled down on the flourish on the machine. Next, we checked for the possible maximum flow rate. From there we were able to get an estimate of the increment differences needed for each reading. The flow rate was eagerness to 1 L/min and increased in approximately equal increments until the maximum flow rate was achieved. And then the pressure drop was obtained and recorded. Steps were repeat until Experimental DLMX data table is completed.RESULTS dining table 1 shows the d ata points recorded from different runs of fluid flowing through P Straight, P Smooth, and P RA Bend.Table 1. Data points recorded from the experiment.Dimension ConstantsSquare pipe width = 4 mmSmooth bend radius = 8 mm(to descent center)Distance between pressure tapsStraight section 70 mmSmooth bend section 70 mmSharp bend section 70RA = right angle bendVelocityIn Table 2, we found the Velocity by using the equation of Flow rate,Area (area = 0.004*0.004 =0.000016 m2) Q Flow rate (6)Table 2. Velocity obtained from different runs. fountainheadlossHead loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipe are shown below in Table 3We used Pascals Law to calculate the loss coefficient.This can be found by using equation ofHL = (7)Table 3. Head loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipeLoss CoefficientK smooth =289.30, k RA= 267.48, f Straight= 1.461*10-4,As we spang that hydraulic diameter, (8) (9)therefore, The values below are derived from basic equation of Head loss,HL = This sa me equation is used for straight pipesThis same equation is used for smooth and RA pipesIn the above equations f and K are the loss coefficients.Loss coefficients for straight, smooth and right angle pipes are shown belowTable 4. Loss coefficients of Straight, Smooth, and RA Bend Pipe.DISCUSSIONIn order to obtain the pressure difference in a circular pipe it is possible to visit the energy equation as follows. (10) (11)Where, = Density of fluid, g = gravity, h = height, P = pressure, V = bonny velocity, z = elevation and This reduction is applicable when the cross-sectional area as well as the elevation are equal.For circular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation below. (12)Where,f = Stanton friction factor, L = length of circular channel, D = diameter, V = average velocity and g = gravity.In contrast to circular channels, the energy equation can overly be used to obtain the pressure difference in noncircular channels as follows. (13)However, in n oncircular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation (14)Where, (15)Moreover, the friction factor for non-circular channels is a function of the roughness factor divided by the hydraulic radius and the Reynolds consider. (16)For noncircular channels, the Reynolds number is also calculated using the hydraulic diameter as follows. (17)It is possible to measure pressure losses arising from fittings to the piping system using the DLMX fluid mechanics cartridge fitted with differential pressure transducers that connected to pressure taps which registers the difference in pressure related to the flow.The pressure difference can be evaluated using the energy equation that includes major friction losses due to fittings on the piping system as follows. (18)For the cartridge, the energy balance equation begins as follows below. (19)Considering the cartridge as a closed system the energy balance equation reduces as follows below. (20)Physically, represents the p ressure losses per unit mass of water in the cartridge. On the other hand, represents the differences in pressure at the three points of interest associated with flow. The hierarchy of pressure difference starting from the least pressure difference to the highest is as follows below.The pressure drop at the right-angled bend can be calculated using from the energy balance equation below. (21)Because there is no change in diameter throughout the length of the bend, no change in elevation, as well as no change in elevation, the energy balance equation reduces to.(22)The loss coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient derived from dividing the head loss by as follows below. (23)Therefore,Finally, to calculate the required pressure losses in the bend the equation above reduces as follows below. (24)At the straight portion of the pipe, the pressure drop equation reduces as follows below. (25)Where f=the friction coefficient, D=diameter of the pipe and L= the length of the pipe.In ord er to find the length of straight pipe that would be sufficient to generate the same amount of pressure drop at the right-angled bend the pressure drops have to be made equal as follows below. (26)The length of the pipe then reduces to the formula below. (27)It is possible to determine the loss coefficient graphically from the experimental values by creating a graph of the head loss vs dynamic head. (28)Where and = dynamic head, the loss coefficient Figure 6. Head loss vs Dynamic Head lastThe goals of this lab was to measure the head losses through straight, smooth, and sharp- bend pipe fittings and then use these measurements to estimate the loss of energy coefficients for each transition or fitting. For the experiment, the DML-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) was used with the DLMX Base Unit , using water as the fluid of choice. The flow rate and corresponding differential pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections were all re corded. A total of 20 data points were collected. The collected datas were used to calculate the head losses and loss of energy coefficients for all three sections. The results show that the pressure difference in the right-angle bend is higher than smooth bend, and pressure difference in smooth is higher than the straight bend pipes. Also, the average head loss of a right-angle pipe, 1.633, is certainly higher than average head loss of the smooth, 2.144, and straight, 1.633. Furthermore, the average loss coefficient of right angle pipe, 16.84078, was also higher than smooth, 10.988725, and straight, 0.13513, pipes. Uncertainty analysis indicate that one possible source of error came from the pressure readings. The pressure readings at the reference point for each component and each flow was some value greater than zero, but the problem with this was that all the reference point readings should have been zero regardless of the set up. The reason for this difference is still unknown, however the doubt is that there was a problem with the machines manometer. The lesson learned with this experiment was the energy losses in pipes due to different fittings. The experiment was quite interesting, yet this hands-on approach lesson will help us succeed in the real design world as well.REFERENCES1 Bruce Roy, Munson, T. H. Okiishi and Donald F. Young. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ J. Wiley Sons, 2009.2 Smith, W.F., Turbulent and Laminar Flow in Pipes, with the Particular Reference to the Transition between the Straight, Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Inst. Civ. Eng. Lond., vol.11, pp. 148-178, 1979-78.3 DLMX Base Unit and DLM-6 Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems. (2017, February 28). Retrieved from http//discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/dlmx/desktop-learning-modules3 Hibbeler, R. C. 10.2 Losses Occurring from Pipe Fittings and Laminar, Turbulent, and Transitions. Fluid Mechanics. N.p. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. 578-46. Print.4 Fluid Flow through b etween Pipes. Pump-House, University of South Carolina, Columbia (2007) n. pag. Web. http//www.cs.cdu.edu.au/home-page/jayitroy/eng477/sect10.pdf pg. 475 Head Loss Coefficients of Major and Minor. Vano Engineering. N.p., 13 Dec. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.6 Shukla. S.K., Indian Journal of Applied Research, of various different flow rates, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 313-377, April. 2015.7 Donald, James C., M. F. Sherif, and V. P. Kumar. 8.4 Minor and Major Losses in Pipes. Elementary Hydraulics. Mason, OH Cengage Learning, 2004. 257-78. Print.8 John Ray, W.F., 1947, Turbulent Flow in Pipes with Particular reference to the TransitionRegion between the Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Institution. of Civil Engr Dept., I7, pp 178-167.APPENDIX AWe learned how different pipe fittings results in energy losses in pipes. Although it was quite difficult to do all the calculations, plus the presence of uncertainty created a doubt on the result, our team found this lab very interesting. The results were al so close to the expected outcome.APPENDIX BNamesTasksHoursRigoberto AguileraMaaz KhanEsther NdichuTrang PhamPrabhjit SinghAPPENDIX CIt should be noted that when using Bernoullis equation, one must take into consideration the height of a pipe. The data that was used in the calculations was processed without that consideration. The manufacturer of the unit explains that the pressure transducers inside the DLM-6 cartridge do not measure hydrostatic pressures between the taps, when the tubes are filled with water. As it can be seen in the image below the device is filled with water, but the water is not in motion. The levels of the manometer tubes are the same, regardless of the vertical setup. With the same concept in mind, it is clear to see that the pressure transducers will also fail to measure any pressure change with respect to gravity.

Determination of Uranium Concentration in Uranium Ore

Determination of Uranium Concentration in Uranium OreInvestigation of effective Parameters on ratiocination of uracil submerging in uracil ore by X-ray fluorescence spectrographic analysisA. AliValiOllahi*, Gh. Alahyarizadeh, S. A. Ahmadi, A. Minuchehr, A. ZolfaghariAbstractUranium concentration in four variant sample solutions (A, B, C and D) of uracil ore was determined by X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The effect of several different parameters on the XRF results including types of acid digestion, sample amount and standardisation orders were overly investigated. Regarding to absent of uranium ore standard, the samples were wide-awake as solutions. Three different microwave acid digestions, (HNO3 HCl HF-622), (H3PO4 H2SO4 HF-333), (HNO3 H2O2 HF-422), were utilize. The highest uranium concentrations for trio samples (A, C and D) were obtained by third acid digestion rule and another sample (B), was obtained by second acid digestion, which were 10.8, 4.8, 9.8 and 12.5 ppm, respectively. To study the matrix effect, different standard calibrations such as external calibration, internal do-gooder were applied. The results were also confirmed by the measuring sticks which were performed by ICP-OES.Keywords Uranium ore, X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy, ICP-OES, Microwave acid digestion, internal additionIntroductionUranium is the famous element from the actinide series in the periodic instrument panel which has an atomic number of 92. it is silver color, ductile, flexible and slightly paramagnetic metal which has high density. Uranium is the material of vast technological importance because of its use as the main fuel in nuclear reactors. The usual source for uranium production is uranium ores which are too limited. Therefore, aspiration of uranium concentration in the uranium ores has very high importance 1, 2.Several techniques have been developed for determinatio n of uranium. Including inductively coupled germ plasm-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 3, 4, inductively coupled germ plasm atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 5, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) 6, 7, flame atomic acculturation spectrometry (FAAS) 8, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) 9, X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) 10, 11. Geological samples which contain uranium are most commonly analyzed by XRF method. Many studies have been carried out on the use of XRF for determination of uranium concentration in ore samples. P. Arikan et al studied quantitative analysis of uranium in ore deposit by XRF their experiments clearly yield the capability of XRF method for analysis of uranium in uranium bearing ores 12. M. A. Al-Eshaikh determined uranium content in phosphate ores employ different measurement techniques they concluded that XRF provides the accurate results for heavy elements such as uranium 15. Furthermore, many resea rches have been issued on the use of ICP-OES for the determination of uranium in uranium matrices. P. Murugesan et al studied determination of total concentration of uranium in borehole core samples by ICP-OES they concluded that the ICP-OES results obtained compare favorably by using differential technique in laser-induced fluorimetry, which they employ as a reference measurement procedure 13 and J. S. Santos et al studied operating condition for determination of uranium by ICP-OES their results concur with the results achieved using ICP-MS 14.In the present study, XRF spectrometry was utilize to determine the concentration of uranium in four different uranium ore samples which was watchful by three various acid digestion strategies. The effect of different acid digestions and also different addition methods were studied on the results. ICP-OES method was also used for the results validation.Materials and methodsInstrumentationThe analytic determination of uranium was carried out with ICP-OES spectrometer Spectra Genesis and XRF spectrometer Spectra Xepos.A Spectra Xepos XRF spectrometer that uses a 50 watt end-window X-ray tube to excite samples was used for XRF measurements. The target changer, with up to 8 polarization and secondary targets, offers many different excitation conditions ensuring optimum determination of all elements from Na to U. The detector is a state-of-the-art silicon drift detector and measurements can be conducted in a He gas.And also a Spectro Genesis spectrometer that is equipped with powerful automation functions for the safe unattended analysis of a large number of samples with an optional autosampler, several hundred samples can be processed without operator intervention. An extensive mail boat Such as a wide range of sample introduction systems, autosamplers, an autodilutor, an ultrasonic nebulizer and hydride generator accessories is available for the Spectro Genesis and it covers the entire relevant wavelength range fro m one hundred seventy-five to 777nm. A free-running generator with a frequency of 27.12 MHz and a power output of 0.7 to 1.7 kW is utilized. It includes automatic plasma ignition as well as an energy and argon-saving standby mode. The software uses for the Spectro Genesis is The Smart Analyzer Vision software. circuit card 1 shows some operating conditions and basic information about the devices used in this study. knock back 1 Operating parameters of ICP-OES and XRFThe sample digestions were arranged using the Multiwave 3000 Anton Paar Microwave Digestion System with eight digestion vessels was used for microwave assisted acid digestion procedures. delay 2 shows operating conditions used for the acid digestion procedures. duck 2 Operating programs of microwave acid digestionsFanHold(min)Ramp(min)P-Rate( bar/sec)Power WattProgram131515500.56000Cleaning124520500.57000 important122020000.56000ComplexingReagents and solutionsThe acids were used hydrochloric acid (37% w/v), nitric aci d (67% w/v), hydrofluoric acid (40% w/v), sulfuric acid (95% w/v), phosphoric acid (424% w/v) and hydrogen peroxide (521% w/v) were suprapure reagents (Suprapure, Merck). Boric acid (2% w/v) was analytical-reagent grade (AnalaR BDH, Chemical Poole, England). High-purity wet (electrical resistivity 18Mcm) was produced with a Milli-Q system (Millipore, MA, USA).Calibration was obtained with external standards. Standard solutions were prepared by diluting a 1000ppm uranium standard solution (ICP Multielement Standard IV, Merck, Darmstadt, FRG).Sample trainingFour different uranium ore samples were collected from various regions of Iran that named A, B, C and D.To prepare the liquid sample for examination with XRF and ICP-OES spectrometers, the ore samples should be completely digested using acid combinations. imputable to the silica in the samples, HF acid had to be used to achieve complete digestion. Three different acid combinations were used, first 6ml of hydrochloric acid, 2ml of nitric acid confident(p) 2ml of hydrofluoric acid (HNO3HClHF-622) 16, second 3ml of phosphoric acid, 3ml of sulfuric acid and 3ml of hydrofluoric acid (H3PO4 H2SO4 HF-333) 17 and third 4ml of nitric acid, 2ml of hydrogen peroxide and 2ml of hydrofluoric acid (HNO3 H2O2 HF-422) 18, 19.0.4g of apiece ore sample (Results and discussionsCalibration of XRF methodStandard 1000ppm uranium solutions were available five solutions (100ppm, 20ppm, 5ppm, 2ppm and blank) were prepared, 3.5ml of each solution was analyzed in the XRF and the uranium method was created. For deter archeological site different elements in XRF method usually K or L is used, since uranium is a heavy element, L was measured 21, 22, 23. Intensities of uranium peaks and calculated concentration of uranium in standard solutions is summarized in table 3 and the calibration curve is plotted in figure 1.Table 3 Normal impulses and calculated conc. of U in StandardsFigure 1 Calibration plot of standards using X-Rays square up of different acid digestions on uranium measurementThe uranium ore samples (A, B, C and D) were digested using three different acid digestion strategies. Using the uranium method obtained from calibration 3.5ml samples were prepared and analyzed in the XRF and their uranium concentrations were measured, results are summarized in table 4.Table 4 Uranium concentration (ppm) of U-ore samples by XRFknead of the volume of samples on uranium measurementTo check the influence of the volume of samples on measurements, 2ml, 3ml, 3.5ml and 4ml samples were also prepared using sample B 333 and analyzed in the XRF and their uranium concentrations were measured using the uranium method previously obtained. Table 5 shows the results and it can be seen, the volume of samples has insignificant effect on the results.Table 5 Uranium concentration (ppm) for different amount of sampleInfluence of addition on sample matrices in XRF measurementSince the matrix structure of samples has a significant i nfluence on XRF measurements, the influence was studied using the addition method. One of the uranium ore samples (sample B) was used 2.5ml of this sample was added by 1ml of the addition solution. Addition solutions were 200ppm, 100ppm, 50ppm and blank. The final solutions were analyzed by XRF using uranium method. The results are summarized in table 6 and figure 2.Table 6 Uranium concentration (ppm) for various additionsFigure 2 Uranium concentration for various additionsAnother addition method was also used, in this method 3ml, 2.5ml, 2ml, 1.5ml, 1ml and 0.5ml samples were added by respectively 0.5ml, 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml, 2.5ml and 3ml of standard 100ppm solution, the results are summarized in table 7 and figure 3.Table 7 uranium concentration (ppm) of various additionsFigure 3 Concentration of various additionsICP-OES method results compared to XRFDue to its high accuracy, rapid analysis and simplicity, ICP-OES method was used for result validation. Similar to the XRF method, cali bration is achieved using standard solutions. Eight standard solutions were used, and the results are summarized in table 7 and the calibration curve is plotted in figure 3Table 8 Insenties of U peaks and calculated conc. of U in standard solutionsFigure 4 Calibration plot of standards using ICP-OES. The uranium ore samples (A, B, C and D) were digested using resembling acid digestion strategies used in XRF method. Uranium concentrations were measured in the samples (table 9).Table 9 Uranium concentration (ppm) of U-ore samples by ICP-OESAs it can be seen the results of uranium concentration from ICP-OES are conformity with the results of XRF.ConclusionUranium is a material of vast technological importance because of its use as a main fuel in nuclear reactors. Determination of uranium concentration in uranium ores has very high importance. Uranium concentration in four different ore samples of Iran uranium ores was determined by XRF and ICP-OES spectrometry methods. Three different microwave acid digestions were used. After sample preparation, calibration was done using standard solutions. Five samples were used for the XRF method and eight were used for ICP-OES. The uranium concentration was measured in these samples.References1 N. L. Misra, S. Dhara, A. Das, G. S. Lodha, S. K. 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